Regional economic impact analysis of earthquakes in northern Taiwan and its implications for disaster reduction policies     

H. C. Lin  Y. L. Kuo  D. Shaw  M. C. Chang  T. M. Kao 《Natural Hazards》2012,61(2):603-620

The direct damage caused by earthquakes, such as impaired buildings, may interfere with normal business operations and disrupt the function of the industrial chain. Such economic impacts can be evaluated using the input–output analysis developed by Leontief. In this paper, two scenario earthquakes in northern Taiwan both with a return period of 475 years—the Hsinchu Hsincheng and the Yilan Nan-ao earthquakes—are simulated. The results show that the economic impact caused by the Hsincheng earthquake is greater than that resulting from the Nan-ao earthquake, which should be the major scenario considered for the disaster reduction plan. The industries affected the most are the manufacturing, food services and entertainment, storage and retail trade, and public and construction industries. The Nan-ao earthquake causes relatively more losses in the food services and entertainment industries. Most of the repercussion effects of these industries are in the central and southern parts of Taiwan. The loss to the manufacturing sector and its repercussion effects are enormous. Therefore, the government should make it a first priority to encourage the manufacturing sector to implement earthquake mitigations, such as a seismic retrofit, or to provide a seismic evaluation, which can enable firms to engage in mitigation voluntarily. The measure needed to reduce the loss in agriculture is that the government can purchase agricultural products in central and southern Taiwan following the disaster and offer them to survivors in northern Taiwan.  相似文献   

Magnetotelluric response of a uniformly stratified earth containing a magnetized layer     

D. Kao  D. Orr 《Geophysical Journal International》1982,70(2):339-347

Summary The magnetotelluric (MT) response is studied of a uniformly stratified earth which contains a magnetized layer. The impedance as a function of the layer parameters (resistivity, ρ permeability, μ and thickness h ) is discussed. The MT response from a layer (μ, ρ, h ) is equivalent to that from a layer (μ/μ_r=μ₀, μ_rρ, μ_r h ) where μ_r is the relative permeability of the layer. Thus the effect of a magnetized layer is to make it apppear μ_r times more resistive and μ_r times thicker than an unmagnetized equivalent layer. Master curves of apparent resistivity and phase are computed for three-layer models with varying permeability associated with varying resistivity in each layer. An example of MT field data is presented in which the most reasonable interpretation is that a magnetized layer exists beneath the observatory site.  相似文献   

Analysis of broad-band regional waveforms of the 1996 September 29 earthquake at Bárdarbunga volcano, central Iceland: investigation of the magma injection hypothesis     

Konstantinos I. Konstantinou  Honn Kao  Cheng-Horng Lin  Wen-Tzong Liang 《Geophysical Journal International》2003,154(1):134-145

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Structural and IR relations among brucite-like divalent metal hydroxides     

G. W. Brindley  Chih-Chun Kao 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1984,10(4):187-191

The a and c unit cell parameters of M(OH)₂, brucite-like structures with M=Mg, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cd, and Ca, are considered in relation to M-O distances taken as the sum of the ionic radii, M^VI and O^IV. The a parameters are related to (M-O) by flattening of the octahedral coordination groups, with a flattening angle α=97.4±0.4°. The c parameters are divided into the octahedral layer thickness, h(oct), and the interlayer spacing h(inter). The latter is related to the (O-H) distances, which decrease as (M-O) increases. Infrared v(O-H) stretching frequencies vary with (M-O) in the same manner as h(inter) varies with (M-O). The values of v(O-H) decrease as h(inter) decreases and the atomic weight of the cations increases. The results are consistent with previous data for cation-substituted talcs. It is suggested that the M²⁺ ions associated with the O^2? ions modify the reduced mass of the O-H vibrations so that v(O-H) decreases with increasing mass of M.  相似文献   

Horizontal eddy diffusivities in the northern hemispheric stratosphere and lower mesosphere     

S. K. Kao  R. J. Okrasinski  N. J. Lordi  F. J. Schmidlin 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,117(3):537-547

Meterological rocket soundings, launched between 1969–74 at six locations representative of low, middle, and high altitudes, are employed with the use of the statistical theory of diffusion, to determine the zonal and meridional component of eddy diffusivity between 30 and 55 km as a function of season, latitude, and altitude. A comparison is also made between annually-averaged eddy diffusivities above and below 30 km.It is shown that the zonal component of eddy diffusivity is approximately three to five times as large as the meridional component, in most cases. Both components of eddy diffusivity vary greatly with season, latitude, and altitude. Highest eddy diffusivities, found in the vicinity of the winter westerly jet, are approximately one order of magnitude higher than those present during the summer. Tropical eddy diffusivities, however, remain relatively small throughout the year. Annually, a minimum is indicated near 25 km between maximums located at the stratopause and tropopause.  相似文献   

Major and minor stratospheric warmings and their interactions on the troposphere   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J. P. Koermer  S. K. Kao 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1980,118(1):428-451

Analyses of evolutions of the kinetic and thermal energy associated with the major and minor stratospheric warmings in the winters of 1976–77 and 1975–76 respectively indicate that the predominant ultra-long waves in the stratosphere oscillated at periods of 10–20 days, whereas in the troposphere the predominant long waves oscillated at periods of 8 to 12 days. These tropospheric long waves are almost out-of-phase with the stratospheric ultra-long waves for the minor warming, but in-phase for the major warming. The kinetic energy of the zonal mean flow in the stratosphere for the minor warming is much greater than that for the major warming, indicating that the occurrence of a major warming depends on the magnitude of the kinetic energy of the zonal mean flow relative to that of the meridional convergence of the poleward flux of sensible heat. In both the major and minor warmings, most of the stratospheric eddy kinetic energy is contained in waves of wavenumbers 1 and 2, whereas the stratospheric available potential energy is primarily contained in waves of wavenumber 1. The kinetic energy associated with waves of wavenumber 1 appeared to be 180° out-of-phase with those of wavenumber 2, indicating that nonlinear transfer of kinetic energy occurred between waves of wavenumbers 1 and 2. The occurrences of wind reversals were accompanied by decouplings of the stratospheric and tropospheric motions, and blockings in the troposphere.  相似文献   

Vertical and off-diagonal eddy diffusivities in the Northern Hemispheric stratosphere and lower mesosphere     

S. K. Kao  W. S. Kau 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1980,118(2):1007-1014

Meteorological rocket soundings, launched between 1968–74 at six locations representative of low, middle, and high latitudes in the northern hemisphere, are employed to determine the vertical, meridional and off-diagonal components of the eddy diffusivity in the northern hemispheric statosphere and lower mesosphere.It is shown that the distribution of the vertical and meridional components of the eddy diffusivity are similar in the northern hemisphere, although the magnitude of the former is 10⁷ smaller than that of the latter; the magnitude of the off-diagonal eddy diffusivity is about 10³ smaller than that of the meridional eddy diffusivity. In the troposphere, a maximum eddy diffusivity occurs in the mid-latitude at about 7 km above the mean sea level for both the summer and winter seasons. In the stratosphere, a maximum eddy diffusivity occurs in the mid-latitude at about 33 km in the winter, but no maximum in the summer.Paper presented at the World Meterological Organization Technical Conference on Global Observations of Atmospheric Pollution Relative to Climate, Boulder, Colorado, 20–24 August 1979.  相似文献   

Intrinsic bioremediation of MTBE-contaminated groundwater at a petroleum-hydrocarbon spill site     

K. F. Chen  C. M. Kao  T. Y. Chen  C. H. Weng  C. T. Tsai 《Environmental Geology》2006,50(3):439-445

An oil-refining plant site located in southern Taiwan has been identified as a petroleum-hydrocarbon [mainly methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX)] spill site. In this study, groundwater samples collected from the site were analyzed to assess the occurrence of intrinsic MTBE biodegradation. Microcosm experiments were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of biodegrading MTBE by indigenous microorganisms under aerobic, cometabolic, iron reducing, and methanogenic conditions. Results from the field investigation and microbial enumeration indicate that the intrinsic biodegradation of MTBE and BTEX is occurring and causing the decrease in MTBE and BTEX concentrations. Microcosm results show that the indigenous microorganisms were able to biodegrade MTBE under aerobic conditions using MTBE as the sole primary substrate. The detected biodegradation byproduct, tri-butyl alcohol (TBA), can also be biodegraded by the indigenous microorganisms. In addition, microcosms with site groundwater as the medium solution show higher MTBE biodegradation rate. This indicates that the site groundwater might contain some trace minerals or organics, which could enhance the MTBE biodegradation. Results show that the addition of BTEX at low levels could also enhance the MTBE removal. No MTBE removal was detected in iron reducing and methanogenic microcosms. This might be due to the effects of low dissolved oxygen (approximately 0.3 mg/L) within the plume. The low iron reducers and methanogens (<1.8×10³ cell/g of soil) observed in the aquifer also indicate that the iron reduction and methanogenesis are not the dominant biodegradation patterns in the contaminant plume. Results from the microcosm study reveal that preliminary laboratory study is required to determine the appropriate substrates and oxidation-reduction conditions to enhance the biodegradation of MTBE. Results suggest that in situ or on-site aerobic bioremediation using indigenous microorganisms would be a feasible technology to clean up this MTBE-contaminated site.  相似文献   

Spectral characteristics of the meridional transport of angular momentum in the mid-troposhere of the Southern Hemisphere     

S. -K. Kao  R. L. Jenne  J. F. Sagendorf 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1971,86(1):171-183

Summary The wavenumber-frequency spectra of the meridional flux of angular momentum at 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, 60° and 70°S, at 500 mb, show a definite domain of wave interactions between the zonal and meridional components of the velocity at various latitudes. In middle latitudes, the spectral band of the meridional flux of angular momentum is oriented from a region of low wavenumbers and low frequencies to a region of high wavenumbers and negative frequencies assigned for waves moving from west to east. In low latitudes, however, the spectral domain is confined to a narrow band centered near the zero frquency.In contrast to the meridional flux of angular momentum in the Northern Hemisphere in which the intensity in winter is about twice that in Summer, in the Southern Hemisphere the meridional flux shows same intensity for all seasons.In the Southern Hemisphere, most of the meridional flux of angular momentum is directed toward the south pole and is accomplished by the eastward moving waves. In the Northern Hemisphere, however, most of the meridional flux is directed toward the north pole and is contributed by the stationary waves.The National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80302, (USA).  相似文献   

Wavenumber frequency spectra of the meridional transport of sensible heat in the mid-troposphere of the Southern Hemisphere     

S. -K. Kao  R. L. Jenne  J. F. Sagendorf 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1971,86(1):159-170

Summary The wavenumber-frequency spectra of the meridional transport of sensible heat at 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, 60°, and 70°S, at 500 mb in the Southern Hemisphere, show a definite spectral domain for the transport at various latitudes, which is dominated by the wave motion of the meridional component of the velocity. In middle latitudes, the spectral band of the meridional flux of sensible heat is oriented from a region of low wavenumbers and low frequencies to a region of high wavenumbers and negative frequencies assigned for waves moving from west to east. In low latitudes, the spectral band is confined to a narrow band centered near the zero frequency. It is found that most of the meridional transport of sensible heat at 500 mb in the Southern Hemisphere is accomplished by waves of medium wavelengths moving from west to east in middle and high latitudes. The meridional flux of sensible heat at 500 mb in the summer of the Southern Hemisphere is about three times that in the summer of the Northern Hemisphere. However, the meridional flux of sensible heat at 500 mb is about the same in the winter of both hemispheres. In the Southern Hemisphere practically all the meridional flux of sensible heat is associated with the moving waves in all seasons, whereas in the Northern Hemisphere the stationary waves contribute about 40% of the transport in winter.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.  相似文献